Published research.

The interplay between dark patterns, privacy protection, and privacy in the context of India's evolving digital ecosystem served as the impetus for the founding principle of the "Right to be left alone." The paper underscores pivotal roles of transparency and privacy in shaping digital experience of 21st century by acknowledging India’s stands as the second-largest internet market. DPDP Act has been introduced and certain key provisions such as Data principal, significance of clear consent and roles of data fiduciaries and processors standards has been emphasized with emergence of dark patterns and their potential threat in coercing users into unintended data disclosures. DPDP Act has been critically analysed and its impact on user privacy dissecting its provisions and scrutinizing potential loopholes. It explains attentively and its role in combating deceptive design practices known as dark patterns by establishing link between data protection and user experience contributing to ongoing discussions on ethical design and responsible data handling. It highlights potential challenges in implementation, especially concerning expansive authority granted to central government and amendments affecting Right to Information Act. It underscores necessity of a legal definition of privacy, advocates for more explicit provisions related to non-personal data and calls for additional legislation addressing dark patterns. It critiques structural issues within Digital Protection Board and asserts need for a nuanced approach in balancing innovation and privacy protection. As digital landscape evolves, it contributes to ongoing dialogue on ethical design, responsible data handling, delicate balance between innovation and privacy protection in the digital age.

The interplay between dark patterns, privacy protection, and privacy in the context of India's evolving digital ecosystem served as the impetus for the founding principle of the "Right to be left alone." The paper underscores pivotal roles of transparency and privacy in shaping digital experience of 21st century by acknowledging India’s stands as the second-largest internet market. DPDP Act has been introduced and certain key provisions such as Data principal, significance of clear consent and roles of data fiduciaries and processors standards has been emphasized with emergence of dark patterns and their potential threat in coercing users into unintended data disclosures. DPDP Act has been critically analysed and its impact on user privacy dissecting its provisions and scrutinizing potential loopholes. It explains attentively and its role in combating deceptive design practices known as dark patterns by establishing link between data protection and user experience contributing to ongoing discussions on ethical design and responsible data handling. It highlights potential challenges in implementation, especially concerning expansive authority granted to central government and amendments affecting Right to Information Act. It underscores necessity of a legal definition of privacy, advocates for more explicit provisions related to non-personal data and calls for additional legislation addressing dark patterns. It critiques structural issues within Digital Protection Board and asserts need for a nuanced approach in balancing innovation and privacy protection. As digital landscape evolves, it contributes to ongoing dialogue on ethical design, responsible data handling, delicate balance between innovation and privacy protection in the digital age.

In this paper, I examine how the question of accountability is changing when considering decision making based on artificial intelligence (AI) and how responsibility is being redefined in contemporary legal and ethical debates. As artificial intelligence systems become more autonomous, traditional frameworks of legal and moral responsibility are increasingly challenged, and accountability slowly shifts away from blame of individuals toward broader models of risk distribution and collective mitigation. This development raises serious concerns about justice, enforcement and moral attribution, particularly as AI becomes deeply embedded in governance, healthcare, finance and other critical sectors. The paper also covers legal and philosophical issues of AI-based decisions, in particular the weakening of individual responsibility and implications for the legal system. It also considers the relationship between AI, intellectual property rights, transparency and ethics in a regulatory scene that has not established any law governing the behavior of AI. The paper draws on examples of autonomous vehicles and AI-assisted legal decisions to highlight the need for regulatory intervention to avoid the obsolescence of justice in an increasingly algorithmic environment. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a broader conversation surrounding AI governance, providing reforms that strike a balance between technological innovation and accountability. It calls for a hybrid approach whereby the computational strengths of AI complement the ethical judgment of human beings so that law and justice remain effective in an AI-driven society.

Advances in artificial intelligence have given rise to deepfakes and other highly manipulated forms of communication, creating serious challenges for legal systems across the world. This paper examines the complex relationship between synthetic media and the legal framework in India, with particular emphasis on the Information Technology Act, 2000. It undertakes a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of the IT Act in dealing with the varied problems caused by deepfakes, including privacy violations, the need for possible amendments, and the changing nature of digital deception. The paper also discusses the criminal activities that may be carried out through deepfakes and identifies the provisions of the IT Act that may be invoked to address such offences. In addition, it offers recommendations and suggestions that may help in overcoming these challenges and in ensuring that the IT Act remains effective and responsive in an era dominated by synthetic media. As technology continues to evolve, this study seeks to assist policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars in understanding and navigating the rapidly changing landscape of digital deception within the Indian legal context.